Monday, December 23, 2019
The Red Scare And The Salem Witch Trials - 1226 Words
Who can you trust in a world filled with enemies and those who are ambitiously self-centered? That is a question many people faced in the seventeenth century; similarly another time period had the same thought: The Red Scare. The Red Scare and the Salem Witch Trials were both tragic events that turned everyone against each other based on weak testimonies. Many respected people lost their lives because of this abnormal widespread fear. To make it more alarming, once accused it was extremely difficult to get one’s name cleared because there was very little room for rebuttal. Many factors that caused such a violent outcome of the Salem Witch trials including the dissension among citizens, the repressed girls of Salem and the Puritan religious beliefs which is very similar to the factors that made Red Scare so disastrous. The hysteria that erupted in the seventeenth century was caused from the fear of not trusting neighbors. There was already passive aggression and revulsion among the citizens; religious beliefs are the main cause of this. Reputation was very important during this time period, yet it meant nothing against accusations of witchcraft or being possessed by Satan. For example, there was an argument that happened involving Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam, Rebecca Nurse, Giles Corey and John Proctor; this argument originally was about how to awaken Putnam and Parris’s daughter, yet it turned into an accusatory fight between the parties about who owned inherited land,Show MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Vs. Red Scare1274 Words  | 6 PagesOdunayo Aladeniyi Mrs. Van De Motter American Literature 7th 31 October 2017 The Salem Witch Trials vs. The Red Scare â€Å"All wish to possess knowledge, but few, comparatively speaking, are willing to pay the price(Juvenal)†. This quote represents the knowledge that a single human being may have, but may not wish to use in situations. Numerous Historians have marked The Salem Witch Trials and The Red Scare as both Era’s of Hysteria among the people of the U.S, this research will explainRead MoreHow the Red Scare Influence Arthur Millers Book on the Salem Witch Trial630 Words  | 2 PagesAmerica at the time of the settlers, but was he influenced to write this story by the Red Scare of his era? During this time period americans feared for their life. The government was in panic just like the salem witch trials and, Miller was one of the many authors and artists that was attacked for his action during this period. WWII was a major factor in this paranoia and fear. The first major cause of the Red Scare and the fear of communism was WWII. Communism was not a big problem during the warRead MoreRed Scare And The Crucible Comparison Essay1008 Words  | 5 PagesThe Red Scare and The Salem Witch Trials were both events that left a mark in American history. The Red Scare began in 1917 and took place across the United States. The Red Scare was known as the widespread promotion of anti-communism. The Salem Witch Trials began in 1692 and took place in Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Witch Trials were various court hearings and prosecutions of people in Salem accused of Witchcraft. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible, a play about The Salem Witch Trials, to sendRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism666 Words  | 3 Pagesthe Salem witch trials and red scare, are often overlooked. These events symbolize times of despair, weakness, and slander, to which the essence of the events is nearly identical. The Salem witch trials can be closely compa red to McCarthyism and the red scare, based on the similarities of suspicion, accusation, and prosecution. Despite the difference of roughly two hundred and sixty years, the outcome of such uprisings has remained unchanged. The morals discovered during the Salem witch trials failedRead MoreThe Crucible By The Salem Witch Trials1539 Words  | 7 Pages1950s when mobocracy enveloped America. The Second Red Scare and the Salem Witch Trials were both tragic events that took place during these time periods; during this time, people were in a constant state of paranoia and fear. Many respected people lost their lives because they were accused of sinister deeds. For the Salem Witch Trial this meant being associated with witchcraft or conspiring with Satan; in the same fashion, during the Second Red Scare it meant being accused being a Communist or a spyRead MoreCommunism And Communism In Arthur Millers The Crucible711 Words  | 3 Pagesthreat posed by communist became known as The R ed Scare (â€Å"Red†). Similar to, in 1953, Arthur Miller an American playwright, scripted the play titled â€Å"The Crucible†. The McCarthy hearings of the 1950s inspired the notable play. Consequently, after the hearing, McCarthyism became a vociferous campaign carried out by Senator Joseph McCarthy, which accused people of communism. To declare, Miller uses an analogy using the events of the Salem Witch Trials of 1693 to expose the ugly truth behind communismRead MoreMccarthyism And The Salem Witch Trials1360 Words  | 6 Pagesthroughout history. I intend to explain how McCarthyism is comparable to what happened in the Salem Witch Trials, how it was used in The Red Scare, and the effects of it on the people accused. McCarthyism is very similar to what happened during the Salem Witch Trials. The Witch Trials were during a time in early American history when people were very superstitious and religious. During the Salem Witch Trials many people were accused for no reason. Some things they were convicted for were being an oldRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1355 Words  | 6 PagesArthur Miller during the 1950’s, and he proves his point through The Crucible, a play about the Salem Witch Trials. Miller attacks the red scare, which was a time of fear of communism growing in America, and proves the how similar the two events were, and how they are important. As a political allegory of the red scare, Miller’s relatively accurate comparison between the red scare and the Salem Witch Trials through The Crucible demonstrates the theme of subjective reality versus objective reality, theRead MoreMccarthyism In The Crucible1743 Words  | 7 PagesThe Crucible, written in 1953 as a all egory and metaphor for the McCarthy hearings on communism in America, the idea of conscience is greatly emphasized in many of the main characters. Arthur Miller wrote the play The Crucible in response to the red scare of the 1950’s, in which he was was condemned for disrespect disapproval of the United States Congress for being unsuccessful in naming numerous individuals who had attended meetings with him. In a bid to not only secure his career as a journalistRead MoreWilliam Miller s The Crucible1262 Words  | 6 Pages 1.Participate in the Salem Witch Trials. Write a paragraph response, as the accused, describing your feelings. Salem Witchcraft Hysteria. National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 2005. Web. 24 Sept. 2015. As the accused I feel hurt, betray and sorrowful. I have known these people all my life. We have grown up together and now they are believing a group of young girls saying that I am a witch. I don’t understand! I am a good Christian woman. I can not confess to witchcraft
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Cell Phone Should Be Banned in High School Free Essays
Hussein Hmood ENG, 1101 Mrs. Myers Cell Phone should be banned in high school When I was in high school, I saw many students in school using cell phones. The students were supposed to come to school to learn, but instead they were texting. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Should Be Banned in High School or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was one of those students. I did not pay attention in class and my grades began to drop. Finally my parents took my cell phone away, and my grades started to go up; from personal experience, I know cell phones should be banned in high school. Cell phones distraction in class. Student would be texting each other or playing with their cell phone instead of listening and paying attention to the teacher. Jesse Scccia English teacher from New York said â€Å"when I was teaching, all too often I turned around from writing something on the blackboard to find students text messaging or otherwise playing with their phones. †When student playing with their cell phone and texting each other they are not listing or learning anything, which mean they wasting the teacher time by not paying attention to the teacher and playing with their cell phone. Cell phone in classroom effect teachers teaching in class, when a teacher trying to teach in class and student be listing to music, texting, playing games or watching movies in the internet. Eventually, the teacher notices and warns them that their phones will be confiscated. The phones disappear with reluctant obedience until the next opportunity arises to surreptitiously pull them out again. By doing that the teacher going to be distracted from teach by having to tell students to stop playing with their phones. When the teacher think about the student playing with their cellphone the quality of teaching going to go dawn because the teacher going to keep thinking some student playing with their phone the teacher going to keep to turn around trying to find the once that using their cellphone. cell phones can cause cheating by students by looking up answers during test and quizzes. For example, one of the students during class sends answers to his friends and it continued to other students cell phones are causing problem for others students because not cheating students work hard and those cheating ruin integrity of the class. Although all parents do not agree about cell phone use hurts students. The New York time had an article that said, â€Å"If my children are not allowed to keep their phones during the school day off and in their backpack or lockers the school is governing my parenting and children’s behavior during non-school time the school has no such right. †However, these parents are incorrect, and are somewhat helping the cheating continue. These parents who feel their child should be allowed to keep his/ her phone clearly do not understand how it is hurting a child’s education. Mobile phones can cause a distraction. They can disturb teachers and students. For example, if I was working hard on a piece of work, trying to concentrating, and a student’s phone rings, it disrupts the whole class. I may become side-tracked or the teacher may be interrupted during speaking to the class. Teaching would be constantly disrupted if this kept happening. Education standards would deteriorate. Looking then at long term effects, if this was happening every day, you would be wasting five minutes a day, so nearly half an hour a week, and so that would be over ten hours a year of disruption. Also, mobile phones provide a large temptation to cheat in tests. They can communicate to almost anywhere and anyone in the world. Because they are small, students can quietly and discreetly send a text and it can go unnoticed. You got to school to learn, not to waste time playing games or cheating in tests. How to cite Cell Phone Should Be Banned in High School, Essay examples
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Hell Description Essay Research Paper Everything beyond free essay sample
Hell Description Essay, Research Paper Everything beyond the terminal of my olfactory organ was a entire fuzz. I shook my caput to unclutter my vision. An object began to concentrate less than 10 paces off. The silhouette was about like a individual but excessively beastly to be human. Make my eyes lead on me? What is this topographic point? Where am I? What # 8217 ; s traveling on? You are in snake pit, because you have sinned, a voice boomed out of nowhere. Who was this individual and what is he speaking about? He continued, you were murdered a few hours ago. Look at yourself, you # 8217 ; rhenium covered in blood. See the slug holes? I looked down and tried to shout merely in vain because I had lost my voice. Don # 8217 ; T concern about your voice, Minos boomed, it # 8217 ; ll be back in good clip. But until so I need to happen a suited penalty for you. We will write a custom essay sample on Hell Description Essay Research Paper Everything beyond or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I need non travel into why I was in snake pit because I know why I # 8217 ; m here and that # 8217 ; s all that affairs. Well, while I # 8217 ; m believing I # 8217 ; ll allow you see two different degrees of snake pit. You will hold 24 hours to roll free and at the terminal of that clip you will be sentenced. Well I didn # 8217 ; t see myself holding any other feasible options. So I nodded my caput, and Minos directed me towards a series of doors. All of these doors were alone in their ain manner. I saw some that were good decorated and others that looked like they came from the underside of snake pit. But one door stood out over all the others. It appeared to be a set of lift doors. This intrigued me most vastly. So I approached them with a spot of cautiousness. I pushed the down button, as there was no up button. I assumed that this would be standard seeing as how I am in snake pit and I don # 8217 ; t conceive of that I # 8217 ; m traveling up from here. Immediately the lift doors opened. I heard the sound of rolling music pouring from the lift doors and I stepped in. The music was comforting at first so all of a sudden I hear another deep voice traveling # 8230 ; . down? This scared me, seconds subsequently the floor beneath my pess disappeared. I began a free autumn. As I was falling all of a sudden I began to shout. My voice was back! Splash! I landed in a immense pool of a ghastly liquid. It was midst, and was in it up past my articulatio genuss and my full organic structure was soaked. I picked my manus up and after close analysis realized it was a immense pool of blood that I was puting in. I looked about and this whole topographic point seemed so bare. I idea I could see some visible radiation on the skyline. So I headed towards this topographic point. As I walked the temperature grew colder and colder. I began to shudder and I could see my breath. I could experience my musculuss get downing to atrophy. I eventually saw a group of people. As I got at that place I fell into their weaponries. I looked around and I saw several familiar faces. I recognized two of them clearly. One was the leader of the Heaven # 8217 ; s Gate cult, and the other was Charles Manson. I asked Charlie, what # 8217 ; s traveling on here? Who is in this degree of snake pit? This degree is full of psychopaths, such as David Koresh and Jim Jones and we have Ted Kazinski and all people of that kind, explained Charlie. Wow what are all those people making here? I exclaimed. Well in this degree of snake pit, he explained, A ; quot ; we are forced to wade through pools of the blood of all the people we killed. And finally this topographic point will make full up and we will perpetually submerge in pools of blood. Every 100,000 old ages all the blood is drained and we start over. Eeek, I don # 8217 ; t like the sounds of that. Well do any of you interact socially with each other on this degree, I enquired. No really we try non to socially interact as much as possible because we have such differing beliefs that we would seek and kill each other, he replied. Can you really kill person who is already dead? It seems like that would do you a worse individual and so you would necessitate to travel lower into snake pit, I said curiously. Well if we kill one another our ain blood gets added to the VAT and we merely begin hurting and enduring even sooner, Charlie answered. This doesn # 8217 ; t sound like a topographic point I would wish to hang around for really long, I stated. So I decided that it was clip to exchange degrees and my 12 hours on this degree were about over. Immediately every bit shortly as the 12 hours ended I was back at the doors once more, to take another destiny. This clip I decided that I didn # 8217 ; T want a illusion door but I wanted a door that looked old and aged. So one found the worst looking door of the clump. Then I creaked it unfastened. All I could see was a long flight of weaving stepss. So one began the descent. Equally shortly as I took four or five stairss I distorted my mortise joint and began to fall. I must hold rolled for the equality of eight flights of stepss. As I stood up I felt a hiting hurting in my mortise joints. I saw a adult male a few flights down. And I hollered to him. Excuse me sir can you assist me? I # 8217 ; ve fallen down and I think I may hold broken my mortise joint, I tried to explicate through clenched dentition. Haha. That # 8217 ; s merely the beginning of what you # 8217 ; ll see on this degree of snake pit, said the adult male as he approached me on the steps. Wait you mean this is the degree? I demanded to cognize. Yeah the ageless step instance. Travel up it takes you no where, travel down it takes you no where, explained the adult male. What a 2nd who are you? I asked the adult male as he stepped out of the shadows into the visible radiation. Don # 8217 ; t you recognize me? It # 8217 ; s the richest adult male in the universe Bill Gates. This degree is full of gourmands, explained the somewhat fleshy looking Gates. Oh my God you # 8217 ; re Bill Gates. I didn # 8217 ; t acknowledge you with the small beer belly you # 8217 ; ve acquire. So what are the penalties you # 8217 ; ve acquire in this degree? I wondered. Well this degree is palling on the mortise joints cause they make you fat and so do you exert a batch. My mortise joints get broken several times a month doing terrible hurting when of all time I walked, said Bill, as he proceeded to come closer he one time once more twisted his mortise joint and screamed in torment. He began to go forth disregarding the fact that I even exist. He left me to my ain methods of transit. As I began to creep down the steps I felt a Swift boot from behind. It was Minos. He had decided on my destiny. Im non certainly if it was fortunate or non for me but I was traveling to a whole other degree. I guess that will be for me to cognize and you neer to happen out!
Saturday, November 30, 2019
Presumed Innocent Essays - English-language Films, Films
Presumed Innocent Scott Turow writes an engrossing book based on love, obsession, and the legal system. In the beginning the protagonist character, Rusty Sabich, a District Prosecuting Attorney (P.A.) begins the story in first person speaking about what is expected of him as a P.A. His voice gives reason that he is unhappy and lacks faith in the legal system. Rusty has been accused of a horrible crime, rape and murder. Turow's story depicts a typical situation of a person being set up. The ending will ravish your outlook on love and infidelity. Rusty speaks of his sorrow for a peer who has been raped and murdered. Her name is Carolyn Polhemus. She was a Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for Kindle County. She was known to excel in her job of prosecuting rapist and her reputation became that of a slut. Raymond Horgan, the acting P.A. and Rusty Sabichs' boss asks him personally to investigate her murder. Rusty and his co-worker, Lipranzer "Lip", talk over the case and decide that it would be best to start with the men that Carolyn had put behind bars. This inquiry led them to a missing file, dubbed the "B" file, meaning bribery. The "B" file becomes a crucial twist to the plot. Rusty is seeing a psychiatrist. The first session that Turow reveals is that of Rusty talking of his affair with Carolyn Palhemus. He goes back in time as he discusses his compulsive, obsession for her. They began their affair after they won the case of a young boy who was brutally abused by his own mother. The book gives explicit, erotic details of their sexual encounters together. Carolyn ends the affair with Rusty because she can not talk him into pushing Raymond to the side and running for office himself. This change in professional status for Rusty would in turn give Carolyn the chance to move up in the ranks. Rusty does not deal with the break up and continues to persue Carolyn at the office and via telephone. He did not want the affair to end, nor would he have left his wife for her. Rusty confessed to his wife, Barbara that he was having an affair with Carolyn Polyhemus, but that it had ended. The fingerprint report is back and the prints belong to Rusty. There several phone calls from Rusty's home to Carolyn's home. Lip also told him that the pathology results lead to type A blood and type A semen and that the person was sterile. Rusty made the comment that he is type A and Lip said that he thought about that; however, Rusty has a son. The evidence against Rusty is taking a huge toll on the election of Rusty's boss, Raymond Horgan. Raymond Horgan, a knoble man, looses the election to a man who used to work him, Nicco Della Guardia, an unfare, dirty player. Rusty's house is searched and tests are performed on carpet and coat fibers. Rusty's wife is surprisingly very strong and supportive for Rusty. Shortly after the results come in Rusty is arrested for the rape and murder of Carolyn Polhemus. He hires the best and most expensive Defense Attorney in town, Sandy Stern. In the mean time, Lip has found that the "B" file leads to a criminal named Leon who had Carolyn as a probation officer. Raymond finds out about Rusty's affair with Carolyn and Rusty finds out about Raymond's affair with Carolyn. Rusty is stunned and Raymond is pissed-off. Rusty, being Raymonds right-hand-man for twelve years, is furious when he learns that Raymond plans to testify against him since he withheld the fact that he had an affair with Carolyn. Raymond gave Caroloyn a case that she wasn't necessarily qualified for. He gave in to her like the all the other men did. Carloyn was a seasoned bitch. Turow never gives out the identity of the murderer; however, throughout the trial he leads you to believe that it is Rusty. The trial begins and right away the biggest piece of evidence is missing, the beer glass containing Rusty's fingerprints which was removed from Carolyn's apartment. The fingerprint expert is allowed to testify even though the glass itself is missing from the evidence room. The evidence presented of the carpet fibers matched Rusty's home carpet fibers and pathology report of bodily fluids automatically fingers Rusty as the murderer. Rusty's lawyer believes that Rusty was set-up by Nicco to make Raymond's campaign look bad, leading to Nicco winning the election. Lip was removed from the case, but
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
The History of Concrete and Cement
The History of Concrete and Cement Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance known as an aggregate (usually made from different types of sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. Aggregates can include sand, crushed stone, gravel, slag, ashes, burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate (fine refers to the size of the aggregate particulates) is used in making concrete slabs and smooth surfaces. Coarse aggregate is used for massive structures or sections of cement. Cement has been around a lot longer than the building material we recognize as concrete. Cement in Antiquity Cement is thought to be older than humanity itself, having formed naturally 12 million years ago, when burnt limestone reacted with oil shale. Concrete dates back to at least 6500 BCE when the Nabatea of what we know now as Syria and Jordan used a precursor of modern-day concrete to build structures that survive to this day. The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding substance or cement. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. The Nabateau are thought to have invented an early form of hydraulic concrete- which hardens when exposed to water- using lime. The adoption of concrete as a building material transformed architecture throughout the Roman Empire, making possible structures and designs that could not have been built using just the stone that had been a staple of early Roman architecture. Suddenly, arches and aesthetically ambitious architecture became much easier to build. The Romans used concrete to build still-standing landmarks such as the Baths, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The arrival of the Dark Ages, however, saw such artistic ambition dwindle alongside scientific progress. In fact, the Dark Ages saw many developed techniques for making and using concrete lost. Concrete would not take its next serious steps forward until long after the Dark Ages had passed. The Age of Enlightenment In 1756, the British engineer John Smeaton made the first modern concrete (hydraulic cement) by adding pebbles as a coarse aggregate and mixing powered brick into the cement. Smeaton developed his new formula for concrete in order to build the third Eddystone Lighthouse, but his innovation drove a huge surge in the use of concrete in modern structures. In 1824, the English inventor Joseph Aspdin invented Portland Cement, which has remained the dominant form of cement used in concrete production. Aspdin created the first true artificial cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. The burning process changed the chemical properties of the materials and allowed Aspdin to create a stronger cement than plain crushed limestone would produce. The Industrial Revolution Concrete took a historic step forward with the inclusion of ​embedded metal (usually steel) to form what’s now called reinforced concrete or ferroconcrete. Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph Monier, who received a patent in 1867. Monier was a Parisian gardener who made garden pots and tubs of concrete reinforced with an iron mesh. Reinforced concrete combines the tensile or bendable strength of metal and the compressional strength of concrete to withstand heavy loads. Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition of 1867. Besides his pots and tubs, Monier promoted reinforced concrete for use in railway ties, pipes, floors, and arches. Its uses also ended up including the first concrete-reinforced bridge and massive structures such as the Hoover and Grand Coulee dams.
Friday, November 22, 2019
Chad Essays - Chad, Republics, Idriss Dby, NDjamena, Outline Of Chad
County Report Chad is one of the most underdeveloped countries in the world because of its climate, geographic location, and a lack of infrastructure and natural resources. It's main cash crop that is helping it's economy is cotton, which accounts for 48% of exports.1 The industry of Chad is mainly based on processing agricultural products. It is run by a republican government and it's legal system is based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law. The recent president is Idriss Deby and head of government is Prime Minister Joseph Yodoyman Chad had gained its independence from France on August 11, 1960. Its national holiday is held on the same day every year. The geography of Chad is mostly pastures and meadows. Chad is located in Central Africa and is between the Central African Republic and Libya. The total area is 1,259,200 km2, and the land area is 1,259,200 km2.2 The total size in area of Chad is slightly more than three times the size of California. The land boundaries of Chad are; Cameroon (1,094 km), Central African Republic (1,197 km), Libya (1,055 km), Niger (1,175 km), Nigeria (87 km), and Sudan (1,360 km).3 All of these countries total to 5,968 km. Chad is landlocked which has no coastline. It has no marital claims. The disputes between Chad and other countries is that Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north. The year around climate is tropical in the south, and desert in the north. The terrain is broad, arid plains in the center, desert in the north, lowlands in the south and mountains in the northwest. The natural resources are petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, and fish. The land use consists of arable land (2%), permanent crops (0%), meadows and pastures (36%), forest and woodland (11%), and other (51%).4 The irrigated land used is 100km2. Its environment is hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in the north, drought and desertification affecting much of the south, and subject to plagues of locusts. The people of Chad rely on agriculture for survival. The total population is 5,350,971 people. The growth rate of the population is 2.13%. The birth rate is 42.21 births / 1,000 population. The death rate is 20.93 deaths / 1,000 population. The migration rate is 0% migrants / 1,000 population. Chad's death at infancy is at a great risk at 134 deaths / 1,000 live births. For infants the expectancy rate at birth is 40.41 years. The rate for males is 39.36 years and the rate for females is 41.5 years. Total fertility rate is 5.33 children born/women. The people of Chad are Chadian in nationality. The ethnic divisions in the north are Muslim (Arabs. Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba). In the south are non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa). The religions of Chad are Muslim (44%), Christian (33%), indigenous beliefs, and animism (23%). The common spoken languages in Chad are Sara (spoken in south), Sango (spoken in north). The official languages of Chad are French and Arabic. There are over 100 different languages and dialects spoken in Chad. The literacy rate is at age 15 and over people can read and write French or Arabic. The total population of literacy is 30%. 42% for males and 18% for females. Chad has a republican government. The capital of Chad is N'djamena. It's administrative divisions are 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, and Tandjile. Chad had gained its independence on August 11, 1960, from France. They had gained their constitution on December 22, 1989. Chad's legal system is based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law, it has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. The national holiday is held on the 11th of August. The political parties and leaders of Chad are the Patriotic Salvation Movement, Idriss Deby, and chairman. There are no other political party or pressure groups. Elections were last held on July 8, 1990 and disbanded on December 3, 1990. The Executive branch in Chad's government consists of the president and the Council of State (cabinet). The Legislative branch cons ists of unicameral National
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Introduction to the Framers of the Constitution Research Paper
Introduction to the Framers of the Constitution - Research Paper Example Limited government is the key approach of doing away with the abuse of power. It is impossible for the government to work and serve citizens with unlimited power. Thomas Jefferson states â€Å"That government is best which governs the least because its people discipline themselves†. This is why there is the creation of a limited government with guidelines on how ought to act (Hanson, 22). A government that is limited has a positive effect on society. One is that it is less expensive compared to unlimited government. The less the citizens look at the government to solve their issues, the less tax they have to pay. It is the citizens who pay for programs like salaries and benefits of employees (Kelman, 49). A limited government lowers the waste, inefficiency, and fraud. It is hard to keep track of what goes on when there are so many agencies. Bureaucracy makes the thing run slow, accountability lacks and having many agencies, commissions and departments lead to duplication of services, which sometimes are not necessary (Samples, 192). A limited government sees the value of economic and individual freedom. Having a less government power means there is less intrusion into the lives of citizens. The more the freedom from government regulations, the more choices people can be able to make at a personal and economic level. People are able to live their life the way they see fit and not what the government thinks is fit (Samples, 195). Another positive effect is that a limited government offers freedom in the marketplaces. The less there is government participation in the market, the more businesses thrive and make an innovative and competitive atmosphere. Innovation and competition are the key drivers of consumer freedom, offering goods at all prices. Â
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Learning Principles in Video Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Learning Principles in Video Games - Essay Example Presently the â€Å"Play- station†has revolutionized gaming as it is fun, trendy, at times violent and at most times intelligent and kindles curiosity. It appeals to all age groups because it includes sped, accuracy with a filmic production values and background. Game Chosen – â€Å"Democracy†: Democracy is a highly educational game. It featured as the best Sim Game of the Year in 2005. It is related to politics where the player finds himself as the President or the Prime Minister of a country. â€Å"Democracy†, lets you find out how you would fare as a leader of a developed country such as The United States of America, France, Germany or Canada. The game allows you to take charge and manage your country’s finances, policies, internal affairs and security. Principles of Democracy: The most important principle of any video game is its multi media form of entertainment involving a unique synthesis of 3D art, CG effects, architecture, dramatic performance, music, sound effects, story telling, artificial intelligence and most importantly inter- activity. The basic principles of this particular game, is to educate a person on how to cope with a situation using good leadership tactics. The player is very often placed in the middle of a dilemma or a crisis where he has to use his skill and intelligence to get out of it. The most difficult aspect faced by the player is in finding the correct balance between finances, taxation and legislation to ensure the country doesn’t go into bankruptcy.
Saturday, November 16, 2019
The Rights of Animals Essay Example for Free
The Rights of Animals Essay When we say that all human beings, referring to both men and women, whatever their race or sex may be are created equal, what is it that we are actually proclaiming? Peter Singer, writer of â€Å"All Animals are Equal†aims to advocate to us as readers to make the mental switch in respect to our attitudes toward a species other than our own. And by this I am referring to animals. R.G Frey takes on a very different position that he expresses in â€Å"Moral Standing, the Value of Lives, and Specieism. †Although there is nothing in his work that has ever suggested that animals don’t count, he disagrees with Singer, in a way, because he does not believe that animals possess moral standing. But first, I would like to discuss Singer’s essay merely due to the fact that there may be a case for a new liberation movement. Singer â€Å"urges that we extend to other species the basic principle of equality that most of us recognize should be extended to all members of our own species (pg. 171).†Many may note or make the connection that the idea of â€Å"the rights of animals†is somewhat of a parody to the case for women’s rights. But some may argue that the case for equality between men and women cannot validly be extended to non-human animals because, for an example, and realistically speaking, women now have the right to vote because they are just as capable of making that decision like men are, whereas animals on the other hand are incapable of understanding the significance of voting so they cannot have that right. Which then brings me back to, what exactly are we declaring when we say all human beings are equal? Because as we know it, we must face the fact that humans come in different shapes and sizes. We each have different moral capacities, different intellectual abilities, different amounts of feeling and sensitivity to others, different abilities to communicate, and different capacities to experience pleasure and pain- all of which are examples Singer discusses. And as a result, if the demand for equality were merely based on the actual equality of human beings, we would have to stop demanding it. â€Å"It would be an unjustifiable demand. (pg. 173)†states Singer. It is unjustifiable to discriminate on the basis of age, sex, or gender because neither of those are a guide to a person’s ability. Singer proposes another important reason as to why we ought not to base our opposition on any kind of factual equality because, â€Å"we can have no guarantee that these abilities an d capacities really are distributed evenly, without regard to race or sex, among human beings (pg. 173).†The most important thing we must consider is that equality is a moral ideal, not a simple assertion of fact. â€Å"The principle of the equality of human beings is not a description of an alleged actual equality among humans: it is a prescription of how we should treat animals (pg. 174).†I strongly agree with Singer here; animals have the capacity to experience pain and suffering just as humans do. Therefore the interests of every being that is being affected by an action should be taken into account and given the same weight as the interests of any other beings, such as animals. At this point, Singer expresses animal testing as what should be a major concern in our society. Singer states that it is simple discrimination. He uses an orphaned human infant for comparison, by suggesting that if the experimenter is not prepared to use this human over his readiness to use a nonhuman being, it is simply a form of discrimination. As far as we can tell, an animal is just as sensitive to pain and any human infant. â€Å"Experimenting on animals, and eating their flesh, are perhaps the two major forms of specieism in our society (pg. 176).†Animals have emotions and desires that allow them to live a good life whether we think so or not. And to that respect, the distinction between humans and animals will be a continuum in which we will move gradually. Frey, on the other hand, has a very different standing on this issue compared to Singer. Frey focuses his essay on the comparative value of human and animal life, taking the notion of autonomy to be central to this issue since autonomy is the source of a huge part of the value of one’s life. ‘Thus, I [Singer] am a restricted vivisectionist, not because I think animals are outside the moral community but because of views I hold about the value of their lives (pg. 193).†The three propositions Frey mentions in his essay are that animal life has some value, not all animal life has the same value, and lastly, human life is more valuable than animal life. Frey calls this claim of the comparative value between human and animal life the unequal value thesis. The unequal value thesis expresses why the value of humans is of more importance than the value of animals. What is missing is the potentiality for enrichment, because lives of less richness have less value. Autonomy plays a vast part of the human case, because by exercising our autonomy one can mold their life to fit the conception our society portrays of what is perceived to be living â€Å"the good life.†â€Å"Thus, by exercising our autonomy and trying to live out some conception of how we want to live, we make possible further, important dimensions of value to our lives (pg. 196).†Although Frey does mention that not all members of the moral community have lives of equal value. In fact, some human lives fall drastically below the quality of normal human life, which would conclude that in some cases a perfectly healthy animal can have a higher quality of life than that of some human, such as ones with mental disabilities for example. But Frey addresses to his readers that the way in which we defend this thesis is a vitally important affair. To discuss the issue of using animals in scientific research as Singer did, he remains a vivisectionist because of the benefits medical and scientific research can present. And it is the unequal value thesis that justifies the use of animals in medical and scientific research. Frey believes that the unequal value thesis is in fact defensible. In conclusion, Frey stresses again that the argument of his essay is not to present animals of having no value, but rather about whether they have lives of equal value to normal human life. Overall, both writers express that animals for in fact have some value to their lives, whether we believe it to be of equal value to humans or of less value is based purely on our moral principles. Works Cited: Lafollette, Hugh, ed. Ethics in Practice. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Print Frey, R.G. â€Å"Moral Standing, the Value of Lives, and Speciesism.†Lafollette 192-204. Singer, Peter. â€Å"All Animals Are Equal.†Lafollette 171-180.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Power and Betrayal in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay
Scott Fitzgerald was a writer who desired his readers to be able to hear, feel, and see his work. He made it his goal to be able to make readers think and keep asking questions using imagery and symbolism. The Great Gatsby was not just about the changes that occurred during the Jazz Age, but it was also about America’s corrupted society which was full of betrayal and money-hungry citizens. It was the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg that overlooked all the corruption that occurred throughout the Valley of Ashes. It was the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg that serves as a symbol of higher power who witnesses everything from betrayal to chaos in Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. We encounter the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg in the valley of ashes, the desolated land between West Egg and New York. The vulgar eyes of Dr. Eckleburg have become something to intertwine with the Valley of Ashes to many critics and readers. The setting of where the billboard is located makes it seem as if it is not significant. However it is also the location of the billboard that explains how the eyes overlook both New York and West Egg since it is between it. The valley of ashes is exactly what its name sounds like. Scott Fitzgerald described it as: About half-way between West Egg and New York the motor road hastily joins the railroad and runs beside it for a quarter of a mile, so as to shrink away from a certain desolate area of land. This is a valley of ashes---a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air. Occasionally a line of grey cars cr... ...haracter percipient enough to comprehend Gatsby’s greatness and who rock pneumonia to pay homage to the man who has given them so much – not exoterically but esoterically.†(Savage 74) In other words, they both appreciated all the things they have received, learned, or gained from Gatsby. In return, they both were there for him through the end. Gatsby was more than the neighbor who was rich and threw parties, but he was also a friend†¦a human being. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 2013. Print.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War Essay
Fearon’s study particularly pertains to the evaluation on which particular countries are actually prone to undergoing situations such as civil wars. In this article, he along with his co-researchers found out certain elements that contribute to the increase of threat towards the possibility of a country undergoing a civil outburst. According to the said researchers, the most important issues that needs consideration on this part of the situation is the emergence of countries that are involved in primary commodity export appointments in the field of international trade. Apparently, it is in this article that poverty has been noted to be a reactive result of several globalization approaches which also brings about the possibility of social chaos giving way to civil war. The bridge that was supposed to keep nations together through globalization is now serving as the strongest reason of gap between people around the world and even within countries. The widening gap is also producing serious consequences for the richer nations. This is because of their growing dependence on the raw materials of the nations of the â€Å"Third World. †But now these nations have changed their attitudes about how their resources will be used, and paid for. An example of this was the action taken by the oil-producing underdeveloped nations, sending shock waves throughout the industrial lands. For many decades, the poorer oil-producing nations had to sell their oil at a relatively cheap price. Recently, these nations banded together and agreed to quadruple their prices. The poor nations have laid down a clear challenge to the rich nations. They will no longer passively accept what the industrial nations have assumed for more than two centuries. That assumption was that there would always be cheap raw materials available from the poor nations. No longer is this the case. However, the dilemma of the poor nations is that most of them are not blessed with abundant raw materials. Most of them lack abundant mineral and oil resources. They are largely agricultural lands, and in bad years, they have nothing to fall back on to sell to other nations. Therefore, they will not have the money to buy the food and other things they need to help them in bad years. That is just what is happening now to various countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The main idea of studying the way people live in the society is to see how far they have fared in making their way to progress. However, contrary to the aimed unified progress, development is usually shifted only to the â€Å"haves†. Yes, the world may be seemingly unfair, equality may even seem too impossible to be achieved, but through a unified effort, having an equal community could still be worked upon by the entire human civilization; something that is most needed to avoid possible outburst of civil war. Bibliography Fearon, James. Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 49, No. 4, 483-507 (2005).
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Capital Structure Question Solution
FINE 3100 Problems for Midterm – Additional Capital Structure Problems Question 1 Belgarion Enterprises Asset beta, the riskiness of the firm, can be found as the weighted average of the betas of its debt and equity, where the weights are fraction of the firm financed by debt and equity: ? A = D/V ? D + E/V ? E = . 5 ? 0 + . 5 ? 1. 4 = . 7 To find the beta of the firm with no debt, find ? o or ? u using the formula for levered equity: ? E,L = ? o + [? o – ? D] D/E ( 1 – TC) Rearrange to find ? o = ? E,L + ? D D/E ( 1 – TC) 1 + D/E ( 1 – TC) Since the debt beta is zero, the equation simplifies to: ?o = ? E,L = 1. 4 / ( 1 + (. 5/. 5) ? (1 – . 4) ) = . 875 1 + D/E ( 1 – TC) The asset beta is higher if the firm has NO DEBT, in the otherwise perfect financial markets world. The firm with debt has an asset that the firm no debt does not: the interest tax shield. The riskiness of the tax shield is lower than the riskiness of the firm’s operating assets (its business risk). In fact, in this case, the interest tax shield is riskless because the debt is riskless. The beta of the levered firm’s assets is lower than beta of the unlevered firm’s assets. Remember, bankruptcy is costless in this problem. If bankruptcy is not costless, the result may not hold – by increasing leverage, the probability of bankruptcy goes up and therefore the expected costs of bankruptcy increase. In this case, the firm’s riskiness may well increase with leverage). Question 2 Little Industries a) Current market values EL = 300,000 ? $3 = $900,000 Value per bond: (. 05 ? 1000)/. 1 = 50/. 1 = $500 Total bonds: D= (. 05? 100,000)/. 1 = $50,000 VL = D + EL = 50,000 + 900,000 = $950,000 b) Current required rates of return Debt: rD = 10 % (given) Equity: rE,L = (EBIT – I) ? (1 – TC) = (270,000 – 5,000) ? (1 – . 4) = . 1766666 = 17. % EL 900,000 WACC = (D/VL) ? rD ? (1-TC) + (EL/VL) ? rE. L = (50,000/950,000) ? .1 ? (1-. 4) + 900,000/950,000 ? .177 = . 1708 c) For case of perpetual debt: VL = Vu + Tc D Therefore: Vu = VL – Tc D = 950,000 – . 4 ? 50,000 = 950,000 – 20,000 = 930,000 NOTE: another way to solve for the unlevered firm value is to first calculate the unlevered cost of equity and then use it to discount the unlevered firm’s cash flows 1. Unlevered cost of equity Recall: rE. L = r0 + (r0 – rD) D/E (1 – Tc) Rearrange the formula for r0: 0 = [rE,L + rD D/E (1 – Tc) ]/ [1 + D/E (1 – Tc)] = (. 177 + . 1? 50,000/900,000 ?. 6)/(1+50,000/900,000?. 6) = . 1741935 VU = EU = EBIT ? (1- TC)/r0 = 270,000 ? .6/. 1741935 = 930,000 d) (i) After restructuring, the firm will be 30% debt financed. Let D* be the total debt after refinancing and VL* be the total firm value after refinancing. It must be true that: D* = . 3 ? VL* Since VL = Vu + Tc D, then VL* = Vu + Tc D* Substituting for D* VL* = Vu + Tc . 3 ? VL* Solve for VL* (1 – . 3? TC) VL* = Vu VL* = Vu/ (1 – . 3? TC) = 930,000/ ( 1 – . 3 ?. 4) = 1,056,818. 2 And D* = . 3 ? VL* = . 3 ? 1,056,818. 2 = 317,045. 5 EL* = . ? VL* = . 7 ? 1,056,818. 2 = 739,772. 7 (ii) By issuing new debt and retiring equivalent value of equity, total firm value increases VOLD = 950,000 VNEW = 1,056,818. 2 Increase in firm value = 1,056,818. 2 – 950,000 = 106,818. 2 Since the required rate of return to debt is unchanged, we can assume that all of the benefit of the restructuring is captured by the shareholders. On the announcement of the proposed restructuring, the total value of equity will increase by the increase in firm value: Value of existing equity on the announcement = 900,000 + 106,818. 2 = 1,006,818. 2 New share price = 1,006,818. 2/300,000 = $3. 356 To figure out the number of shares repurchased, first figure out the dollar value of the new debt issued: New debt issued = New total debt – previous total debt = 317,045. 5 – 50,000 = 267,045 Shares worth $267,045 are repurchased, at $3. 356 per share Total shares repurchased = $267,045/$3. 356 per share = 79,572 shares Share remaining = 300,000 – 79,572 = 220,427 (iii) New required return to equity Method 1: rE. L = r0 + (r0 – rD) D/E (1 – Tc) = . 17419 + (. 17419 – . 1) ? (317,045. 5/739,772. 7) ? .6 = . 193 Method 2: Interest on total debt, I = . 1 ? 317,045. 5 = 31,704. 5 rE,L = (EBIT – I) ? (1 – TC) = (270,000 – 31,704. 5) ? 1 – . 4) = . 193 EL 739,772. 7 New WACC = . 3 ? .1 ?. 6 + . 7?. 193 = . 1531 e) (i) Because the model assumes bankruptcy costs are zero, it does not consider the potential downside of increasing leverage. With bankruptcy costs, the expected costs of bankruptcy increase with leverage, offs etting the benefit of reduced taxes. (ii) Given D* = 317,045. 5 and Interest = 31,704. 5 EL = (EBIT – I) ? (1 – TC) = (270,000 – 31,704. 5) ? (1 – . 4) = 571,909. 1 EL . 25 Total firm value: V = D* + EL = 317,045. + 571,909. 1 = 888,955 Now, taking into account the impact of the bankruptcy costs, on the announcement of the increased leverage, the firm value FALLS: Change in firm value = 950,000 – 888,955 = -61,045 New equity value on the announcement = 900,000 – 61,045 = 838,955 New share price on the announcement = 838,955/300,000 = $2. 80 Share price falls from $3 to $2. 80!!! Therefore, the restructuring is a bad idea if the new required rate of return to equity rises to 25%. Question 3 Mighty Machinery Initial situation: market value of debt = . 08? 50m/. 08 = 50 m market value of equity = 8 m ? 20/sh = 160 m market value of firm = 210 After Restructuring: Assume that all change in value is borne by the shareholders. So the loss of the tax shield will impact shareholders only. Value of lost tax shield = Tax rate ? change in debt = . 35 (-10m) = – 3. 5m New firm value = old value + value of tax shield = 210 – 3. 5 = 206. 5 m New debt value = old debt + change in debt = 50m – 10 m = 40m New equity value (at the actual restructuring date) = new firm value – new debt value = 206. 5 – 40 = 166. 5 m New share price: Given that shareholders bear all of the impact of the reduced tax shield, given efficient financial markets, the value of the equity will fall by 3. m ON THE ANNOUNCEMENT of the plan. Thus, at the announcement, total equity is worth 160 – 3. 5 = 156. 5m or $19. 5625 per share ($156. 5m/8m = 19. 5625). Another way: the NPV of the restructuring is -3. 5m, which is all borne by shareholders. The change in share price will be -3. 5m/8m = -$0. 4375, giving a new share pric e of $20 – . 4375 or $19. 5625. ii) Shares issued = $10m/$19. 5625 or 511,182 Check: final share value/new number of shares = 166. 5/8. 511182 = $19. 5625. (iii) Use the formula: rE = r0 + (r0 – rD) D/E (1 – Tc) Rearrange the formula for r0: r0 = [rE + rD D/E (1 – Tc) ]/ [1 + D/E (1 – Tc)] = [. 5 + . 08 ? 50/160 ? (1-. 35)]/[1+50/160 ? (1-. 35)] = . 138181818†¦. Then New rE = r0 + (r0 – rD) (new D/new E) (1 – Tc) = . 138 + (. 138-. 08) (40/166. 5) (1-. 35) = . 1429 The restructuring causes rE to fall, as expected. The leverage is lower, the risk of equity is lower, shareholders’ required rate of return falls. b) You answer this question! Question 4 NOTE: This was a particularly tricky question. Part marks were given for wrong answers. Assume that it is valid to use the CAPM†¦this is ok, given the perfect financial markets assumption. Need to get all of the components of WACC: rD = current yield-to-maturity, 9% Market value of D = (. 08 ? 2. 5m )/. 09 = 2. 22222m TC = 35% What about value of equity and cost of equity Use a competitor to figure out†¦the closest company to GLC is All Lawn Chemicals. The most complete way to go is to figure out the unlevered cost of equity of All Lawn (reflecting the business risk), and value GLC at this rate. This will give us the unlevered value of GLC. Next, use GLC’s current capital structure to get GLC’s levered value of the firm and its equity. Next calculate the cost of equity, given GLC’s current capital structure†¦. 1. Find unlevered cost of capital for All Lawn Use the same rearrangement of the cost of equity formula in question 6: rE = r0 + (r0 – rD) D/E (1 – Tc) Rearrange the formula for r0: r0 = [rE + rD D/E (1 – Tc) ]/ [1 + D/E (1 – Tc)] Use CAPM to find current rE of All Lawn: rE = rf + ? ? MRP = . 075 + 1. 2 ? .07 = . 159 r0 = [. 159 + . 09 ?. 3? (1-. 35)] / [1+. 3? (1-. 35)] = . 14774 Value of firm for GLC : V L = OCF ? (1 – tc) + tcD RU V = 1. 5M * (0. 65) + 2. 222M*(0. 35) .1477 VL = 7. 37892M Value of Equity for GLC: VL = Ve + VD = 7. 37892M = 2. 222M + Ve Ve = 7. 37892 – 2. 222 = 5. 1569M Ve = 5. 1569M = y R equity = (OCF – Interest expense)(1 – tax rate)/ Value of equity = { ($1. million – . 08x$2. 5 million) . 65}/5. 1569= . 163858 =16. 39%. OR 1. Find unlevered cost of capital for All Lawn Use the same rearrangement of the cost of equity formula in question 6: rE = r0 + (r0 – rD) D/E (1 – Tc) Rearrange the formula for r0: r0 = [rE + rD D/E (1 †“ Tc) ]/ [1 + D/E (1 – Tc)] Use CAPM to find current rE of All Lawn: rE = rf + ? ? MRP = . 075 + 1. 2 ? .07 = . 159 r0 = [. 159 + . 09 ?. 3? (1-. 35)] / [1+. 3? (1-. 35)] = . 14774 2. Value of Unlevered GLC Vu = [OCF – Taxes] / r0 = [1. 5 ? (1-. 35)] /. 14774 =6. 59943 3. Value GLC with its current capital structure VL = Vu + Tc D = 6. 59943 + . 35 ? . 22222 = 7. 37721 4. Value GLC’s equity and its required rate of return Thus: EL = VL – D = 7. 37721 – 2. 22222 = 5. 15499 and rE = r0 + (r0 – rD) D/E (1 – Tc) = . 14774 + (. 14774 – . 09)? (2. 22222/5. 15499)?. 65 = . 1639 5. Calculate GLC’s WACC Wacc = (2. 22222/7. 37721)?. 09?. 65 + (5. 15499/7. 37721)?. 1639 = . 1322 Question 5 a) False. Although often increases in firm value increase equity value, it is not always the case. When debt is risky (that is, there is a chance that the debt will not be paid the full promised interest and principal), improvements in firm val ue may go partly or totally to debt holders. This means that the debt has become less risky: there is less chance that the bondholders won’t get the promised interest and principal repayments. An example: when a firm is in financial distress, a value-increasing investment may only increase the value of the debt – and none of the value goes to shareholders. See kit and also the Barclay, Smith, Watts article. b) False. All that is necessary for the risk of equity to increase is that the firm’s operating cash flow be variable. Whenever you add the fixed interest payments, the result is to intensify the variability of the cash flows to shareholders (they get paid only after the fixed payments have been made to the debtholders). Look at the kit, – risk of equity increased with the addition of debt – and there is no chance of bankruptcy in this example (debt is riskless – no matter what state of the world occurs, the debtholders get their promised payments). c) False. For this answer, assume perfect financial markets and keep the firm’s investment and borrowing constant. If you don’t make these assumptions, then we have to make other assumptions about the state of the financial markets. These ones make our story easy). It is true that a shareholder may have to sell shares at the bottom of the market to create homemade dividends. But if the firm increases its dividend, they too will have to sell shares at the bottom of the market!! If we assume that the firm is currently payi ng out the money they have, the rest is tied up in investment plans and no new borrowing is made, if the dividend is increased, THE FIRM WILL HAVE TO GO TO THE MARKET AND SELL SHARES to pay for the higher dividend. The risk of selling shares at the bottom of the market has not gone away and shareholders still get stuck with it – either they pay for it directly when they sell their shares or indirectly when the firm brings in new shareholders who pay less for their shares than if it had been the top of the market. So this is not a valid reason why the firm paying a dividend will increase firm value. d) Uncertain. What the answer depends on is whether the bond holders anticipated correctly the chances and costs of distress/bankruptcy. If bondholders correctly anticipate distress and the costs associated with it, they will pay less for the bonds than if the costly distress did not occur. Shareholders end up paying the costs – because the company gets less for the bonds sold – raising the cost of debt financing. Of course, if bondholders do not correctly anticipate the distress, then they share in the costs. e) THIS IS A POST MIDTERM QUESTION True. Cost savings are much more likely to be achievable than revenue increases – firms have control over their production process but not over their customers. f) False. This question is very much related to a). Shareholders will not be willing to contribute more money to positive NPV projects when the bulk of the benefit goes to bondholders. See the references in a). g) True. The messy formula for the impact on firm value of adding debt when both personal and corporate taxes are considered is outlined in the kit. This happens when (1-TB) < (1-Tc)(1-TS)†¦.. Translating: 1-TB is the after-all-taxes cash flow of a $1 of bond income, (1-Tc)(1-TS) is the after-all-taxes cash flow of $1 of equity income (because first corporate taxes are paid and then personal taxes on equity income are paid). If investors get less in their pocket, after all taxes, when $1 of bond income is paid then after a $1 of equity income, they won’t want the firm to borrow – pay only dividend income and less total taxes (corporate plus personal) are paid. Firm value will be lower if the company borrows!!! h) True. This follows from the â€Å"free cash flow problem†discussed in Barclay, Smith and Watts. A company with lots of cash but few investment opportunities (low growth) puts management into temptation: spend the money on projects they like but aren’t necessarily positive NPV. For such a firm, a high dividend payout (high dividends/net income) and high interest and principal obligations keeps the cash out of the hands of manager and gives them fewer opportunities to make negative NPV investments, increasing the value of the firm. i) True. Given these assumptions, adding debt creates a new asset: a tax shield. The tax shield is a â€Å"gift†from the government, increasing the firm’s after-tax cash flows. This tax shield is lower risk than the assets of the business – it depends on the riskiness of the firm’s debt (and we assume that the tax rate doesn’t change). Thus total risk of the levered firm is lower than if it is unlevered (the levered firm has the same business risk plus the lower risk tax shield – the overall risk is lower). j) THIS IS A POST MIDTERM QUESTIONS False. All valuation methods requiring assumptions to be made. Earnings capitalization is a simpler valuation method than discounted cash flow– but it is loaded with strong assumptions about the future cash flows/earnings such as constant growth, constant dividend payout and unchanging capital structure. ) True the firm will have received the cash without having to issue new shares, however, the firm will also have missed out on raising equity when these warrants are not exercised and the warrant holders (and other potential investors) are disappointed and may not invest in this firm in subsequent rounds of equity financing if they were not able to benefit from their warrant purchase. Warrants are not like call options. With call options the firm in not involved in the transaction. With warrants the firm’s reputation and ability to raise financing is affected.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Constitutionality of the Death Penalty essays
Constitutionality of the Death Penalty essays Constitutionality of the Death Penalty Furman v. Georgia was a landmark case in the annals of American Law because it was the first time the Supreme Court turned to the controversial question of capital punishment. Capital punishment has always been a hotly debated issue in the United States. When this issue is coupled with the issue of racial discrimination, the matter becomes hotter than ever. And this is precisely what Furman v. Georgia was all about: a black man convicted of murder and sentenced to death. The American public has consistently favored the use of the death penalty. Although anti-capital-punishment groups in the 19th century won some victories in slowing down the drive for death-penalty laws, most of their successes were short-lived. By the early 20th century, executions were common and widespread, reaching record numbers by the 1930s and 1940s, when more than 100 people were executed each year. But as public and official confidence in the effectiveness and fairness of capital punishment began to wane in the 1960s, the number of yearly executions dropped to the single digits. By the early 1970s, there was an unofficial end to executions in the country. Opponents of the death punishment lauded the Supreme Court decision in the 1972 ruling that a jury's unregulated option to impose the death penalty led toward a wanton and freakish pattern of its use that was cruel and unusual. However, the anti-death penalty lobby was not the outright winners because the court failed to call the death penalty unconstitutional. Just a few years later, capital punishment was back with full force in the United States. Furman, a 26-year-old black male, killed a householder while seeking to enter the home at night. Furman shot the deceased through a closed door. Furmans mental abilities were brought into question, due to his apparent lack of education (he had dropped out before the 6th grade). Pending trial, he w...
Monday, November 4, 2019
INDEPENDENT STUDY RESEARCH ON THE PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE OF BUDGETTING Essay
INDEPENDENT STUDY RESEARCH ON THE PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE OF BUDGETTING TO AN ORGANISATION - Essay Example Analysis and findings 6.0. Conclusions and limitations of the study 7.0. Bibliography 8.0. Appendices PROBLEM STATEMENT A lot of effort has been made in the theoretical area of budgeting and its concept but little has been done to show the applicability and the importance of the budgeting process to organisations. Many students in the field of finance, accounting, strategic management and other related fields have more theory and little practicability about the theories. However, this study was aimed at linking theory with practical applications of the theory of management accounting; this was done by looking at how organisations apply the various theoretical aspects of strategic managerial accounting. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This study is important since it was carried out to reinforce the theory of budgeting and its application in real life situations. The study also gives advice on how businesses can go about budgeting and this will go a long way to provide information on the same to organisations. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study objectives were: To appreciate the managerial accounting theory. Appraise the importance of budgeting to the success of an organisation and discuss the available budgeting methods. Discuss the budgeting process. Analyse the assumptions of budgeting. To link managerial accounting theory with practical application. ... REVIEW Management accounting is specialization of accounting that provides for information to the managers to help them plan, make decisions, and control functions (Bragg 2009). It involves collection, analysis and interpretation of accounting information for managers of an organisation to help the managers to make plans, make decisions and to exercise control to ensure that the organisation goals are being achieved. Management accounting extends to cover strategic management, performance management and risk management which are key issues in management. The tools used in management accounting are costing techniques, budgets and control charts among other tools (Waygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2009). Budgeting is a critical function in management accounting and it is a key to the success of an organisation. When the resources are scarce, an organisation must determine the optimal way to allocate resources among the organisational processes to achieve the set goals. A budget is thus a coor dinated plan of the operations and the resources available to an organisation represented monetarily for a specific period of time (Shim and Siegel 2008). A budget is a very important to an organisation since it provides a clear and measurable statement of expectations, improves communication and coordination in an organisation and provides a basis on which evaluation is done and control is exercised. Typically the objectives of budgeting can be stated as following: 1. Budgeting report provides information to help to determine the adequacy of current-year revenues pay for current-year services. 2. Budgeting report illustrates whether resources were obtained and used in accordance with the budget. 3. Budgeting report exhibits its adherence to other finance-related legal or contractual
Saturday, November 2, 2019
The Worn Path, and In Exile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
The Worn Path, and In Exile - Essay Example That may be correct on the off chance that we dont think about the rich imageries, topics, and different issues. The story was composed and initially distributed in 1941 in Atlantic Weekly; in this way, we can accept that the story happened in that year. That same year, as we all know, the world entered into the World War II. In spite of the overall uproar and clash, Phoenix Jacksons life was stamped with peace and effortlessness. She appeared to be not to give a second thought of the progressing World War that was then happening; rather, her life appeared to spin around her grandson whom, as should be obvious, she adored to such an extent. The story likewise discusses neediness. The year 1941 was not just stamped by the begin of the Second World War additionally of neediness that was an actuality to a lot of people especially to blacks and to the individuals from the rustic Southwest where Mississippi is spotted. We can likewise accept that, at her age, Phoenix Jackson may have been conceived in the time of American servitude of the blacks. An alternate indication of neediness is the means by which Phoenix Jackson was depict as wearing red teases her hair and a smock made structure sugar sacks. The orderly at the facility likewise ordered Phoenix Jacksons case as "philanthropy" when she saw her coming into the center and when she gave Phoenix Jackson the solution. The story additionally introduces the inconspicuous bigotry that blacks accept from the whites. In spite of the fact that in the whole story, we cant read anything that recommends fanaticism around the Phoenix Jackson, there are scenes where we can deduce that the whites treated her in such a deigning way. In section 45, we can read the white seekers comments "I know you old minorities individuals. His utilization of the expression hued is one of the unpretentious ways
Thursday, October 31, 2019
Personal reflections Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Reflections - Personal Statement Example y’s economic structures and patterns remain questionable since they provided a conducive enrolment for individuals to loot public funds, I will endeavour to implement technological financial and planning applications to ensure lucidity and accountability of the use of the public funds. On the representation of workers, I would opt leading from the front in the agitation of the workers’ rights. My success in addressing the issues of transparency and accountability can be assessed through the accomplishment of the internal technological controls, which ensures transparency and accountability consequently reduction of public funds. The group discussion on my view of the public service and workers seem to correlated except on the roles I will play in the future in the representing of the workers. The contrasting views on the role to take up in defending workers rights are influenced by the dynamism in leadership. In addition, the diverse personalities, which include, confidence, articulation of ideas and general perception of issues largely influence the position of different individuals on this
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Internet and marketing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words
Internet and marketing strategy - Essay Example (Definition) It is also "referred to as online marketing or Emarketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. The Internet has brought many unique benefits to marketing including low costs in distributing information and media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing, both in terms of instant response, and in eliciting response, are unique qualities of the medium. Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the internet, including design, development, advertising and sales. Internet marketing methods include search engine marketing, display advertising, e-mail marketing, affiliate marketing, interactive advertising, blog marketing, and viral marketing. Internet marketing is the process of growing and promoting an organization using online media. Internet marketing does not simply mean 'building a website' or 'promoting a website'. Somewhere behind that website is a real organization with real goals. Meanwhile, at this juncture, there is need to focus on Internet Marketing Business Model. But however, what is Business Model in particular. "A Business Model Draws on a Multitude Business Subjects, including economic, entrepreneurship, finance, marketing, operation and strategy. The Business Model itself is important determinant of profits to be made from innovation (Role of the Business Model) Additionally, there are six components of Business Model, these are; Value preposition, Market Segment, Value Chain Structure, Revenue Generation and Margins, Position in Value and lastly Competitive Strategy. MARKETING STRATEGY It is well known fact that "An Internet Marketing Strategy is fast becoming an integral part of marketing and PR manager's 'hat.' Blogs, online press releases, media rooms, SEM, interactive elements, and rich media are aspects of the job every marketing and PR professional must get their wits around. An effective Internet Marketing Strategy is vital your business success today. What people see when they do a search does influence their perception of your company. It also affects your brand value.And now that the search engines have changed the way they display results with theintegration of news, blogs, and feeds and video into the web search results pages, there aremore PR opportunities in search than ever before". (On line PR Lessons of 2007) However, there are 10 most known Internet Marketing Strategy that should be adapted in order to make the E-Business effectively and successful indeed. They are as follows: 1. The E-marketing planning process: "The integration of e-marketing-specific objectives, strategies and activities into the traditional annual marketing planning process". (Top 10 Strategic E-Marketing Issue) 2. Organizing and resourcing for e-marketing: "As the importance of online channels increase, the structure of the marketing organization and responsibilities may need to change to maximize the opportunities available through new media". (Top 10 Strategic E-Marketing Issues) 3. Defining the Online value proposition (OVP :): "To achieve
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Theories of Colour Vision
Theories of Colour Vision Kishan Lakhani How does colour vision work? It is difficult to imagine a world without colour perception as it is constantly in action by a whole spectrum of living organisms and for a range of purposes, it â€Å"not only allows us to detect objects that might otherwise be obscured by their surroundings; it also helps us to recognize and identify things we can see easily†(Goldstein, 2000, p.203), thus making it an essential component of vision. Colour dictates survival in many environments; the artic fox boasts a white pelt allowing effective camouflage over its prey and a significant factor in its ability to hunt (Sekuler Blake, 2006). I will explore the mechanisms that are said to explain colour vision at the photoreceptor level and beyond, but first of all we must understand what colour actually is. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from cosmic rays to radio waves, as wavelength increases. Between UV and Infrared lies a strip, visible light, this is what we are interested in with regard to colour (Snowden et al., 2006). Colour arises when light rays from this visible spectrum (390nm-750nm) are reflected off objects and into our eyes. Differing wavelengths of light from this spectrum subsequently determine the colour perceived, as short wavelengths produce the colour violet (350nm), medium and long wavelengths produce green and red respectively. Sir Isaac Newton famously wrote â€Å"The rays to speak properly are not coloured. In them there is nothing else than a certain Power and Disposition to stir up a Sensation of this or that colour†(Sekuler Blake, 2006, p.236) So colour doesn’t really exist in the physical world at all, it is our own psychology that creates the concept of colour. Semi Zeki (1983) refined Newton’s words further saying that colour vis ion is a â€Å"property of the brain, not the world outside.†( Sekuler Blake, 2006, p.236) Hence we can sum up that colour vision lies in the eyes and brain – and not in the physics of light itself (Anderson 2012). So to answer the question ‘How does colour vision work’ we must explore the visual systems of the organisms further. Figure 1 The Electromagnetic spectrum (2012), Diagram showing the visible spectrum within the electromagnetic spectrum Photoreceptors are light sensitive cells found at the back of the eye in the retina. They contain visual pigments that absorb photons of light and convert this light energy into chemical energy, this process is called phototransduction. Within the pigment is a protein which determines the wavelength of light absorbed by the pigment and also a chromophore which is responsible for absorbing photons of light. (Wolfe et al., 2009) There are 2 types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. Cones are mainly concentrated in the fovea in the centre of the retina whereas Rods are completely absent in the fovea and more prevalent in the periphery of the retina (Snowdon et al,. 2006). Rods are adapted so they can operate in low light levels due to spatial pooling allowing scoptic vision, whilst sacrificing visual acuity. They contain just one pigment rhodopsin – denying colour vision due to the univariance principle. Cones however contain 3 photo pigments, which are sensitive to various wavele ngths of light and can therefore let us see colour. In comparison to the physical description of light, colour is much easier to describe as it is experienced psychologically not physically – such is the nature of light. It can be specified by just three values; hue, saturation and lightness.(Palmer, 1999) This is very important with reference to colour vision as it implies that many different lights will produce the same colour experience (Palmer, 1999). The three perceptual dimensions of colour can be summarised in what is known as the colour spindle. Hue is referred to as â€Å"the chromatic aspect of light†(Wolfe et al., 2009) and is dictated by its wavelength. Saturation corresponds purity and how vivid the colour is (Palmer 1999), and brightness involves the intensity of the colour (physically). The Young/Helmhotz trichromatic theory of colour vision works on the photoreceptor level, and ultimately was sprouted through the results of Helmhotz’s colour matching experiment. Observers were allowed to vary the intensities of 3 primary lights and mix them (in a comparison field) to match the colour of a single wavelength in a test field. They had to find a psychological match between the mixture of primary lights and the test light, simply by varying the intensities of the primary lights. This match is known as a metameric one, as the light in the comparison field is physically different yet psychologically identical to that in the test field. Results showed that by varying intensities in the comparison field, the observer could find a metameric match using just three primary lights. Dichromatic observers were unable to find matches for every colour in the test field. In summary, â€Å"with 3 primaries, you can get any combination of responses in the 3 cone types, so you can match the appearance of any test light.†(Anderson 2012) It is therefore clear to us that colour vision heavily relies on three different receptor mechanisms or cone photopigments, each with different spectral sensitivities (Goldstein, 2010). This is the basis of the trichromatic theory I will now elaborate on. Monochromats possess only one type of pigment in their cones. In this case, the ability to see colour is not possible. The same chain of events is initiated in the visual receptor despite there being a variety of wavelengths in the light absorbed by the pigment. The receptors response conveys information about how much light has been absorbed, but this response provides no information about the wavelength of this absorbed light. (Sekuler Blake, 2006) It is therefore impossible to discriminate wavelength when there is only one photopignment, which has uniform spectral sensitivity. The response could have altered due to a change in wavelength or light intensity, and monochromats are none the wiser – this is known as the principle of univariance. This situation is not unique to monochromats, as in low light levels rods are the only photoreceptors in action. They have one photopigment, rhodopsin resulting in the same dilemma. Consequently we â€Å"disregard the wavelength inform ation and see an image that appears in shades of grey†(Snowden et al., 2006) explaining why we can’t monochromats can’t see colour and why none of us have colour vision in low light levels. Dichromats possess two photopigments, which is very useful in terms of colour vision. The two pigment types have different absorption spectra, extracting some usable wavelength information about light (Sekuler Blake, 2006) It is now possible to separate and disentangle wavelength and intensity, allowing colour to be visible to a certain extent. Certain wavelengths are confused and constitute failures of discrimination (Sekuler Blake, 2006). A key reason that leads to the idea humans aren’t dichromats revolves around what is known as the neutral point. All dichromats possess this neutral point in which a single wavelength is always confused, and â€Å"the existence of a single neutral point is the hallmark of a two-pigment eye.†(Sekuler Blake, 2006, p.249) As humans do not show any traits of having the neutral point, there is a strong belief that humans have more than two cone photopigments. Trichromats hold three cone photopigments, enabling total discrimination of wavelengths throughout the visible spectrum. Trichromacy also ties in with Helmhotz’s colour matching experiment, indicating three not two photoreceptors are required for complete colour vision across the entire visible spectrum. The three pigments are most sensitive to light of a particular wavelength – approximately 430, 530 and 560 nanometres respectively. (Sekuler Blake, 2006) Figure 4 shows the each cone pigment absorbs a very wide range of wavelengths. So between 400nm and 650nm there are at least two types of cone photopigments absorbing light. In the region of 475nm, all three types of pigments are affected and stimulated. (Sekuler Blake, 2006) Hence we can conclude that the absorbance range is tremendously increased with three photopigments, and as light is reflected onto the retina every wavelength of light in the visible spectrum can be perceived in the form of colours by our brain. Trichromatic theory may explain how the existence of just three cone photopigments allows colour matching for any wavelength of light in the visible spectrum, using just three primary lights. However, it still leaves many unanswered questions when it comes to having a full understanding of how colour vision works – as Hering highlighted. Negative afterimages, the visibility of four psychologically pure hues (blue, red, green and yellow) and the absence of complementary hues such as blueish – yellow all indicate that trichromatic theory alone is inadequate in explaining how colour vision works. Hering made an important discovery with regard to afterimages. If we stare at the black dot in Figure 5 for around 30 seconds, and then look at a blank piece of paper we notice the colour of each square changes. The green changes to red and red to green, whilst the blue changes to yellow and the yellow to blue. Based on results like these, Hering proposed the concept that red and green are paired and blue and yellow are likewise paired. (Goldstein, 2010) An experiment where observers were shown patches of colour, and then asked to estimate the ratios of blue, green, red and yellow from each patch they received. Results showed that observers very rarely saw blue and yellow, or red and green together. (Abraham Gordon, 1994 cited in Goldstein, 2010) Sekuler and Blake (2006, p.255) also support this view that these complementary hues do not coexist, as â€Å"an object never appears both blue and yellow at the same time.†Hurvich and Jameson’s hue cancellation experiment st rengthens the case further, as any redness was eliminated when a green light was added to the red light. Hering also observed that those who are colour blind to red, are also colour blind to green; which ultimately led him to declare the opponent-process theory of colour vision. (Goldstein, 2010) So we can deduce from this evidence that blue is paired with yellow and red with green; the basis of the opponent-process theory. The opponent-process theory of colour vision follows the trichromatic theory, rather than replacing it, the two work hand in hand to explain how colour vision works. In fact it is the responses from the cones of the retina that form the basis of the opponent channels. (Anderson 2012) There are three opponent channels, two chromatic and one achromatic, and are formed by combining the responses from the three cone types. (Sekuler Blake, 2006) Figure 6 displays the red-green chromatic channel is comprised from the outputs of the M and L cones. It is also known as the M – L channel, as it signals the difference between the outputs of the M cones and of the L cones. (Sekuler Blake, 2006) The second chromatic channel is the blue-yellow channel, and it represents the difference between the S cone outputs and the sum of the M and L cone outputs. (Sekuler Blake, 2006) It is therefore also referred to as the S – (M + L) channel. The achromatic channel is known as the luminance channel, and combines the output of the M and L cones so we can also label it the M + L channel. The activity in this luminance channel hinges on the sum of excitation of both M and L cones (Sekuler Blake, 2006). This addition can lead determine an object’s visibility, â€Å"The shape of the photopic sensitivity curve (closely related to visibility) can be predicted by taking a sum of M and L cone responses.†(Smith and Porkorny, 1975 cited in Werner et al., 1984). Russel DeValois was responsible for the finding of opponent neurons in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), which could provide physiological evidence to back up Hering’s propositions. (Goldstein, 2010) The LGN is the station responsible for receiving input from the retina and transmitting it to the visual cortex. Devalois conducted experiments on LGN cells of monkeys (who have the same trichromatic vision as ours), and discovered opponent cells which behaved as if subtracting outputs from different cones and also nonopponent cells which behaved as if adding outputs from different cones. Devalois discovered opponent cells reproduced an ON or OFF response determined by the wavelength of light. (Sekuler Blake, 2006) This can explain the first chromatic channel Hering proposed (M – L) channel. Long wavelength cone excitation results in a positive or ON response, whilst medium wavelength cone excitation results in a negative or OFF response. Hence if the net re sponse is positive then a red colour is visualised (long wavelength of light), and similarly a blue colour is perceived if the net response is negative. This supports Hering’s initial observation that the hues red and green cannot coexist. Opponent cells were also responsible in explaining the S – (M + L) channel. Short wavelength cone excitation results in a positive or ON response, whilst wavelengths around 580nm (M+L) cone excitation results in a negative or OFF response. Further findings included the fact that nonopponent ON cells produced ON responses for every wavelength, although some wavelengths produced stronger responses than others and OFF cells produced OFF responses for every wavelength again with varying strengths. It is these nonopponent cells which form the achromatic channel outlined by Hering. (Sekuler Blake, 2006) All in all, colour vision begins at the photoreceptor level as explained by trichromatic theory. The outputs of the three cone photopigments have been redistributed into the achromatic and chromatic channels at the LGN, as trichromacy progresses to opponent-process theory. Palmer (1999) concludes by describing the dual process theory; in which the products from the trichromatic stage are used as the inputs for the secondary opponent-process stage. As we venture from the LGN, further into the visual system, the information is perceived by the visual cortex of the brain facilitating us with colour vision. Bibliography Anderson, S (2012). Colour vision, Vision and visual perception, Optometry. Aston University Dimitri Poumidis, (2008), Spectral Sensetivities [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.gravurexchange.com/gravurezine/0805-ezine/ploumidis.htm [Accessed 25 January 13]. Goldstein, E. B. (2010). Sensation and perception (8th ed.) Chapter 9. Wadsworth Cengage Learning Joshua Stevens, Jennifer M. Smith, and Raechel A. Bianchetti , (2012), The Electromagnetic Spectrum [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog160/node/1958 [Accessed 03 January 13]. Marc green, (2004), Opponent process theory [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.visualexpert.com/FAQ/Part1/cfaqPart1.html [Accessed 09 February 13].Paul Schils , (2012), Chromatic adaptation [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.color-theory-phenomena.nl/12.00.htm [Accessed 08 February 13]. Palmer, S. E. (1999). Vision science: photons to phenomenology, Chapter3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sekuler R. Blake R. (2005). Perception (5th ed.) Chapter 2. McGraw-Hill Sekuler R. Blake R. (2005). Perception (5th ed.) Chapter 7. McGraw-Hill Snowden R., Thompson P. Troscianko T. (2006). Basic Vision, Chapter 1. Oxford University Press Snowden R., Thompson P. Troscianko T. (2006). Basic Vision, Chapter 5. Oxford University Press Tom Jewett, (2009), Hue, Saturation, Brightness [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.tomjewett.com/colors/hsb.html [Accessed 10 January 13]. Wolfe, J.M., Kleunder, K.R., Levi D.M., et al (2009). Sensation and perception (2nd ed.), Chapter 5. Sinauer Associates Inc
Friday, October 25, 2019
Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays
Translation Trouble In the play "A Doll House" the main character, Nora, is in a situation where she is caused to act, emotionally and physically, as a doll to please her husband. Nora has to be very sneaky and conniving in order to be perfect and talked down to by her husband. The translation of this play from Norwegian was a little difficult. The title can either be translated as "A Doll House" or as "A Doll's House". Many people believe either title fits the theme of the play. I believe that the title "A Doll's House" may fit because it is Nora being a doll in order to please her husband Torvald. Torvald sees her as his toy, not as a human equal to himself. Torvald gives his wife pet names such as "spend thrift" and "squander bird". This shows just how controlling he really is. Nora just plays along, keeping secrets from Torvald in order to please him at any expense. This was a very common situation during the era whom this play was produced. Nora is smart and capable of a lot more but she lets herself be held back in order to be the perfect wife for Torvald. The title "A Doll House" would not fit the play because this states that everyone in the house is a doll. However, Nora is the only character truly pretending to be what they are not. This title would work if everyone was trying to give off an image that wasn't true, such as Nora did. If Nora is a doll then all the other characters would be the humans playing with her, causing her to do extra ordinary tasks such as forgery and lying. The best title is definitely "A Doll's House" because Nora is the only character acting in a different manner in order to please her power hungry husband, Torvald. Even if she was conniving it was all in good intentions. It takes a very loving wife to go out of her way in order to make sure that her husband isn't burdened down with the expenses of a trip that saved his life. However, Torvald doesn't really see his Nora as his wife emotionally but as his little sex pet. This is what Nora finally realizes at the end of the play when Torvald is only worried about himself and what everyone else thinks about him.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Agency Theory Reconsidered Essay
â€Å"Angel Agents: Agency Theory Reconsidered†is an article that explores the relationship between agents and company owners. The article opens by stating the premise that company executives, who fail to operate under the every single objective of owners, don’t have the company’s best interest at heart. But the writers refute this by arguing that executives at times can be more engaging than the owners themselves; and for that reasons could make the best decisions for stakeholders. The writers pose a different spin on the Agency Theory, which holds that unless carefully monitor company executives will use information to exploit owners. The article tries to dispel the idea that agents are opportunistic but rather show ways that owners exhibit their greedy ways. The author offer examples like family owners appropriate company funds for family benefit and when poor investments by owners cause company down-sizing or acquiring. As a result CEOs are sometimes influenced by powerful owners. So in an effort to reconsider how agents can receive a more favorable or lighter view; the writers expound on the pressures that agents operate under. The article notes how executives are majorly blame for any failures a company may experience. Furthermore, the executives position are emphasis by stating the it is virtually impossible for executives to behave appropriately, if directed poorly by owners. Writers take a look in retrospect at the â€Å"Renault Case†that deals executive Pierre Lefaucheux’s action has a company executive. In an effort to work toward his vision of created an affordable people’s car, he went up against company owners and the government and refuse to turnover company profits. Instead he invested the profits and as a result experienced phenomenal revenues and profits. In conclusion, there is evidence of agency theory in business today but the article compels the system for Angel Agents to step up and be responsible about business affairs. Although it may be risky to face those that are able to terminate you, writers provide the example of Lefauchex who faced giants receiving desired results.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
History Of Ordnance Corps Essay
The Ordnance Corp is one of the oldest branches of the Army, established May 14, 1812. The U. S. Army Ordnance Department established from The Revolutionary War. General George Washington, the commander of the Continental Army, appointed Ezekiel Cheever to provide ordnance support to army in July 1775. Until 1779, all the armies had Ordnance personnel moving with them. They were civilians and Soldiers, served as conductors for maintenance – ammunition wagon and arms. Each conductor led five to six armorers who repaired small arms. In 1776, Board of War and Ordnance was created. In 1777, the first Ordnance facilities were established at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and the first arsenal and armory operations at Springfield, Massachusetts. Other arsenals and armories were also established at Harpers Ferry, Philadelphia, and Watertown. On May 14, 1812, the Ordnance Department was organized by Congress. The Ordnance Department was responsibility for arms and ammunition production, acquisition, distribution, and storage for the war. In 1832, the Ordnance Corps had new responsibilities for researching and development of field services. Good work of the Ordnance Department continully to developed and tested during the Mexican War. The Mexican War became the foundation for the massive logistics. During the American War, the Ordnance Corps was really tested and developed. The Ordnance Corps brought massive procurement of weapons and supplies, and providing field support for fast moving armies. In 1898, Spain War, the Ordnance Corps first deployed overseas and provided close-combat support. During World War I, the Ordnance Corps mobilized and developed weapons systems, organized Ordnance training facilities, and established overseas supply depots. In World War II saw dramatic expansion of the Ordnance mission of production, maintenance and training. In both Korea War and Vietnam War, the Ordnance Corps provided supplies and maintenance, and was active in the development of rockets, guided missiles and satellites. In modern U. S. Army Regimental System, the Ordnance Corps is organized under the whole branch concept. The Chief of Ordnance serves as the Regimental Commander, and the Office Chief of Ordnance serves as Headquarters Ordnance Corps. The Ordnance Corps will be always supporting the development, production, acquisition and sustainment of weapons, ammunitions, missiles, electronics, and mobility to supporting combat power to the U. S. Army. The insignia of the Ordnance Corps is yellow color metal shell and flame. The Shell and Flame is considered the oldest branch insignia in the U. S. army. The Shell and Flame had been used by European armies before its adoption by the U. S. army. In fact, it is still used by European armies. This insignia was assigned to the Ordnance Corps in 1832. The branch colors are crimson and yellow. At first, the Ordnance Corps had a red trail, like Artillery. In 1851, Crimson was assigned to the Ordnance Corps. Then in 1902, it was changed to black and scarlet color. Then finally, in 1921, crimson and yellow were assigned to the Ordnance Corps again. The Act of May 14, 1812, recognized the Ordnance Corps. In 1936, the army Institute of Heraldry redesigned and standardized version of the Shell and Flame. Redesigned Shell and Flame remains the current version.
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